The role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis of a child with Essay

The role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis of a child with abdominal pain - Essay Example In children, one of the most common symptoms is abdominal pain. Many parents attest that their children would always complain of some tummy aches. In many cases, these episodes are known to be insignificant. Many children would have various thresholds of tolerating pain3. On the other hand, the parents would have a variation in their threshold of the appropriate time of bringing their child to the hospital. The paediatric and paediatricians rooms of emergency are always full of parents in need of attention from the doctors. In this case, the physician need to decide the patients who warranty for more work up with imaging and the type of patients who require the referral to the paediatric surgeon.4 The surgeons need to decide the types of patients that warranty the interventions of the surgeon and the patients who need medical observation or management. Even though the presentation in a child with abdominal pain may be common, all the individual children would give unique challenges t o the involved physicians. The abdominal pain pathophysiology is complex. The abdominal organ stimuli together with the gastrointestinal tract, move through the sympathetic nerves towards the ganglia of the thorax and the spinal cord. The shown stimuli have been reported to be poorly localized. The pain coming from the visceral glands is equally poorly localized, and is always believed to be the midline that is linked with the secondary autonomic effects like vomiting, nausea and pallor. In many cases, the many pain location may characterize the organ that is affected. The Epigastric pain comes from duodenum, stomach, pancreas, biliary system, or liver. Periumblical pain, comes from the small intestine. The infraumblical pain, on the other hand comes from the rectum and colon, ovaries and uterus, kidneys and bladder. The ovarian and renal pain is always located laterally to the side that is affected.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Project Management - Essay Example On the sparc.airtime.co.uk website, a Software Project Manager is defined as a person with "the role with total responsibility for all the software activities for a project (CSCI). The Software Project Manager is the individual the Program Manager deals with in terms of software commitments and who controls all the software resources for a project. The Software Project Manager may have the responsibility for multiple software projects." (www.sparc.airtime.co.uk, 2006) By understanding what the project management position being advertised is in relation to the definitions of what that job is ensures that both the advertiser and the applicant are under the same understanding of what both are looking for. Sometimes the jobs that are being advertised are vague with respect to what the job scope is and many times this is done for a reason Many of the job advertisements reviewed from both online newspapers (Times) and internet searches were indeed different in what they wanted applicants to see. The different scopes of the descriptions tend to either be too vague and the job description is meant to either weed out those who the company does not want to have apply, or, keep their true job requirements a closely guarded secret. One of the many tactics that employers tend to do is to ensure that competitors are not finding out what the job is in entirety, especially if they are not going through a placement agency, to ensure they do not phish for information about future projects. As many employers look to recruitment agencies to find their next employees, one of the problems that come from that route is that the agencies do not provide complete details about the job as they want a face to face interview before the applicant even goes before the customer. The job of the recruitment agent is to ensure that the customer is in fact getting the right candidate for the job, and, for the position of a project manager the customer can ill-afford the trouble of interviewing substandard applicants. Advertised Positions for Project Manager - Good and Bad The search for this type of position was actually quite easy and circumspect in what the different employers classified as a project manager, as it would appear many of them leaned more to a Directorship position. In one advertisement for a web project manager through a recruitment agency, the position called for Detailed understanding of web projects & implementation methodologies; An understanding of commercial and account strategies with the ability to tailor implementation and wider delivery processes to meet stakeholder requirements; General knowledge of HTML, design/graphic production software packages (e.g. PhotoShop, Dreamweaver) and familiarity with other web technologies Understanding of web development and design tools; Appreciation of other web technologies; Ability to lead cross-functional team of designers, developers and other staff; Client management skills for project reporting, conflict management and general engagement; Strong project estimating skills; Strong project planning and project management abilities with skills in

Government Legislation Essay Example for Free

Government Legislation Essay There are certain laws that companies must follow in order to stay in business. Legislation means simply law. There are 3 main laws that businesses need to follow, these are: 1. Health and Safety (1974) This is probably the most important bit of legislation that was passed relevant to a business. If a business does not coincide with the law about health, then potentially the customers could fall ill, or possibly die, leaving the company in ruins. Everything has to be put into it to maintain a high standard of hygiene etc Health also has to be maintained with the workers. 2. Discrimination Tahir Hussains example of discrimination is a very good one. He was unemployed and was well qualified. Hed applied for numerous jobs, but was not getting any offers for an interview. He was quite upset by this and so decided to test the system. He sent in two application forms to every business he originally sent applications in for, one with his own name, and the other one saying that it was from a white middle aged lady. What he found out was that the white lady received far more offers of an interview than he did. He launched 12 claims of race discrimination and won 4 of them, and partly won 5 more. 3. Employment Employees working under a contract of employment are protected against unfair dismissal.

Precision Agriculture: Advantages and Disadvantages

Precision Agriculture: Advantages and Disadvantages Precision agriculture Precision farming or precision agriculture is an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-field variability. It requires the use of new technologies, such as global positioning (GPS), sensors, satellites or aerial images, and information management tools (GIS) to assess and understand variations. Collected information may be used to more precisely evaluate optimum sowing density, estimate fertilizers and other inputs needs, and to more accurately predict crop yields. It seeks to avoid applying inflexible practices to a crop, regardless of local soil/climate conditions, and may help to better assess local situations of disease or lodging. Satellites allow farmers to easily survey their land.[2] Global Positioning Systems (GPS) monitor can find the location of a field to within one meter. It can then present a series of GIS maps that demonstrate which fields are moist or dry, and where there is erosion of soil and other soil factors that stunt crop growth. The data can be used by the farmer to automatically regulate the machine application of fertilizer and pesticide[2]. In the American Midwest (US) it is associated not with sustainable agriculture but with mainstream farmers who are trying to maximize profits by spending money only in areas that need fertilizer. This practice allows the farmer to vary the rate of fertilizer across the field according to the need identified by GPS guided Grid Sampling. Fertilizer that would have been spread in areas that dont need it can be placed in areas that do, thereby optimizing its use. Precision farming may be used to improve a field or a farm management from several perspectives: agronomical perspective: adjustment of cultural practices to take into account the real needs of the crop (e.g., better fertilization management) technical perspective: better time management at the farm level (e.g. planning of agricultural activity) environmental perspective: reduction of agricultural impacts (better estimation of crop nitrogen needs implying limitation of nitrogen run-off) economical perspective: increase of the output and/or reduction of the input, increase of efficiency (e.g., lower cost of nitrogen fertilization practice) Other benefits for the farmer geostatistics integrated farming Integrated Pest Management nutrient budgeting nutrient management precision viticulture Agriculture Landsat program Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatiotemporal datasets. Developed originally to predict probable distributions for mining operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ecology, soil science, and agriculture (esp. in precision farming). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of geography, particularly those involving the spread of disease (epidemiology), the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics), and the development of efficient spatial networks. Geostatistics are incorporated in tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models. History This section requires expansion with: details. Background When any phenomena is measured, the observation methodology will dictate the accuracy of subsequent analysis; in geography, this issue is complicated by unique variables and spatial patterns such as geospatial topology. An interesting feature in geostatistics is that every location displays some form of spatial pattern, whether in the form of the environment, climate, pollution, urbanization or human health. This is not to state that all variables are spatially dependent, simply that variables are incapable of measurement separate from their surroundings, such that there can be no perfect control population. Whether the study is concerned with the nature of traffic patterns in an urban core, or with the analysis of weather patterns over the Pacific, there are always variables which escape measurement; this is determined directly by the scale and distribution of the data collection, or survey, and its methodology. Limitations in data collection make it impossible to make a direct meas ure of continuous spatial data without inferring probabilities, some of these probability functions are applied to create an interpolation surface predicting unmeasured variables at innumerable locations. Geostatistical terms Regionalized variable theory Covariance function Semi-variance Variogram Kriging Range (geostatistics) Sill (geostatistics) Nugget effect Criticism A major contributor to this section (or its creator) appears to have a conflict of interest with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedias content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. ({{{November 2009}}}) Jan W Merks, a mineral sampling expert consultant from Canada, has strongly criticized[1] geostatistics since 1992. Referring to it as voodoo science[2] and scientific fraud, he claims that geostatistics is an invalid branch of statistics. Merks submits[2] that geostatistics ignores the variance of Agterbergs distance-weighted average point grade, ignores the concept of degrees of freedom of a data set when testing for spatial dependence by applying Fishers F-test to the variance of a set and the first variance term of the ordered set, abuses statistics by not using analysis of variance properly, replaced genuine variances of single distance-weighted average point grades with pseudo-variances of sets of distance-weighted average point grades, violating the one-to-one correspondence between variances and functions such as Agterbergs distance-weighted average point grade. Furthermore, Merks claims geostatistics inflates mineral reserve and resources such as in the case of Bre-Xs fraud. Merkss expertise and credibility are supported by several company executives, who regularly hire his consulting services[3]. Philip and Watson have also criticized geostatistics in the past [4]. There is a consensus that inappropriate use of geostatistics makes the method susceptible to erroneous reading of results[3][5]. Related software gslib is a set of fortran 77 routines (open source) implementing most of the classical geostatistics estimation and simulation algorithms sgems is a cross-platform (windows, unix), open-source software that implements most of the classical geostatistics algorithms (kriging, Gaussian and indicator simulation, etc) as well as new developments (multiple-points geostatistics). It also provides an interactive 3D visualization and offers the scripting capabilities of python. gstat is an open source computer code for multivariable geostatistical modelling, prediction and simulation. The gstat functionality is also available as an S extension, either as R package or S-Plus library. besides gstat, R has at least six other packages dedicated to geostatistics and other areas in spatial statistics. Notes 1. ^ A website that criticizes Matheronian geostatistics ^ a b See (Merks 1992) 3. ^ a b Sandra Rubin, Whistleblower raises doubts over ore bodies, Financial Post, September 30, 2002. ^ See (Philip and Watson 1986). 5. ^ Statistics for Spatial Data, Revised Edition, Noel A. C. Cressie, ISBN 978-0-471-00255-0. References 1. Armstrong, M and Champigny, N, 1988, A Study on Kriging Small Blocks, CIM Bulletin, Vol 82, No 923  Armstrong, M, 1992, Freedom of Speech? De Geeostatisticis, July, No 14 3. Champigny, N, 1992, Geostatistics: A tool that works, The Northern Miner, May 18 4. Clark I, 1979, Practical Geostatistics, Applied Science Publishers, London 5. David, M, 1977, Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam 6. Hald, A, 1952, Statistical Theory with Engineering Applications, John Wiley Sons, New York 7. Chilà ¨s, J.P., Delfiner, P. 1999. Geostatistics: modelling spatial uncertainty, Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 695 pp. 8. Deutsch, C.V., Journel, A.G, 1997. GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and Users Guide (Applied Geostatistics Series), Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 369 pp., http://www.gslib.com/ 9. Deutsch, C.V., 2002. Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 384 pp., http://www.statios.com/WinGslib/index.html 10. Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava R.M.: Applied Geostatistics. 1989. 11. ISO/DIS 11648-1 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials-Part1: General principles 12. Journel, A G and Huijbregts, 1978, Mining Geostatistics, Academic Press 13:.Kitanidis, P.K.: Introduction to Geostatistics: Applications in Hydrogeology, Cambridge University Press. 1997. 14. Lantuà ©joul, C. 2002. Geostatistical simulation: models and algorithms. Springer, 256 pp. 15. Lipschutz, S, 1968, Theory and Problems of Probability, McCraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 16. Matheron, G. 1962. Traità © de gà ©ostatistique appliquà ©e. Tome 1, Editions Technip, Paris, 334 pp. 17. Matheron, G. 1989. Estimating and choosing, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 18. McGrew, J. Chapman, Monroe, Charles B., 2000. An introduction to statistical problem solving in geography, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. 19. Merks, J W, 1992, Geostatistics or voodoo science, The Northern Miner, May 18 20. Merks, J W, Abuse of statistics, CIM Bulletin, January 1993, Vol 86, No 966 21. Myers, Donald E.; What Is Geostatistics? 22. Philip, G M and Watson, D F, 1986, Matheronian Geostatistics; Quo Vadis?, Mathematical Geology, Vol 18, No 1 23. Sharov, A: Quantitative Population Ecology, 1996, http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/PopEcol/popecol.html 24. Shine, J.A., Wakefield, G.I.: A comparison of supervised imagery classification using analyst-chosen and geostatistically-chosen training sets, 1999, http://www.geovista.psu.edu/sites/geocomp99/Gc99/044/gc_044.htm 25. Strahler, A. H., and Strahler A., 2006, Introducing Physical Geography, 4th Ed., Wiley. 26. Volk, W, 1980, Applied Statistics for Engineers, Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, New York. 27. Wackernagel, H. 2003. Multivariate geostatistics, Third edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 387 pp. 28. Yang, X. S., 2009, Introductory Mathematics for Earth Scientists, Dunedin Academic Press, 240pp. 29. Youden, W J, 1951, Statistical Methods for Chemists: John Wiley Sons, New York. External links Kriging link, contains explanations of variance in geostats Arizona university geostats page A resource on the internet about geostatistics and spatial statistics On-Line Library that chronicles Matherons journey from classical statistics to the new science of geostatistics Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics Categories: Geostatistics Hidden categories: Statistics articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention from August 2009 | All articles needing expert attention | Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations | Articles to be expanded from January 2010 | All articles to be expanded | Wikipedia expand-section box with explanation text | Articles to be expanded from August 2008 | Wikipedia articles with sections containing possible conflicts of interest Integrated farming (or integrated agriculture) is a commonly and broadly used word to explain a more integrated approach to farming as compared to existing monoculture approaches. It refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production and may sometimes be known as Integrated Biosystems. While not often considered as part of the permaculture movement Integrated Farming is a similar whole systems approach to agriculture[1]. There have been efforts to link the two together such as at the 2007 International Permaculture Conference in Brazil[2]. Agro-ecology (which was developed at University of California Santa Cruz) and Bio-dynamic farming also describe similar integrated approaches. Examples include: pig tractor systems where the animals are confined in crop fields well prior to planting and plow the field by digging for roots poultry used in orchards or vineyards after harvest to clear rotten fruit and weeds while fertilizing the soil cattle or other livestock allowed to graze cover crops between crops on farms that contain both cropland and pasture (or where transhumance is employed) Water based agricultural systems that provide way for effective and efficient recycling of farm nutrients producing fuel, fertilizer and a compost tea/mineralized irrigation water in the process. In 1993 FARRE (Forum de lAgriculture Raisonnà ©e Respecteuse lEnvironnement) developed agricultural techniques France as part of an attempt to reconcile agricultural methods with the principles of sustainable development. FARRE, promotes an integrated and/or multi-sector approach to food production that includes profitability, safety, animal welfare, social responsibility and environmental care. Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (formed in 1994 by the eco-entrepreneur [1]) developed a similar approach to FARRE seeking to promote agricultural and industrial production models that sought to incorporate natures wisdom into the process. ZERI helped support an effort by an environmental engineer from Mauritius named George Chan. Chan working with a network of poly-culture farming pioneers began refining Integrated Farming practices that had already been developed in south-east Asia in the 60,70s and 80s, building on the ancient Night soil farming practice. In China, programs embracing this form of integrated farming have been successful in demonstrating how an intensive growing systems can use organic and sustainable farming practices, while providing a high agriculture yield. Taking what he learned from the Chinese during his time there, Chan worked at the UN University in the 1990s and forwarded an approach to Integrated Farming which was termed Integrated Biomass Systems working specifically under the UNU/ZERI ZERI Bag Program. Chan during his work with UNU sought to make the case that Integrated Biomass Systems were well suited to help small island nations and low lying tropical regions become more self-reliant and prosperous in the production of food[3]. Working with ZERI, he developed several prototypes for this approach around the world including sites in Namibia and Fiji. The scientifically verified results in a UNDP sponsored congress in 1997 resulted in the adoption of the IBS by the State Government of Paranà ¡, Brazil where dozens of piggeries have applied the system generating food, energy while improving health and environmental conditions. Montfort Boys Town in Fiji was one of the first Integrated Biomass Systems developed outside of Southeast Asia with the support of UNU, UNDP and other international agencies. The project which is still operational continues to be a model of how farm operations can provide multiple benefits to stakeholders both local and international. ZERI Bag had a significant African component that included assisting Father Godfrey Nzamujo in the development of the Songhai Farm Integrated Farming project in Benin[4] . Most recently The Heifer Foundation a major international NGO based in the USA has taken a lead role in deploying Integrated Farming so that it can be replicated globally as an effective approach to sustainable farming in non-affluent regions such as Vietnam[5]. References 1. ^ Steve Divers work linking Integrated Farming with Permaculture: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/perma.html 2. ^ Report includes reference to presentation on Integrated Farming by permaculture and ZERI practitioner Eric Fedus and Alexandre Takamatsu 3. ^ Small Islands and ZERI: A unique case for the Application of ZERI: A Paper presented by George Chan of the United Nations University at an International Symposium on Small Islands and Sustainable Development organized by the United Nations University and the National Land Agency of Japan: http://www.gdrc.org/oceans/chan.html 4. ^ ZERI Bag was designed to focus on small scale deployment of appropriate technologies with a focus on the Integrated Biomass System approach developed by ZERI and George Chan http://www.zeri.unam.na/africa.htm 5. ^ http://www.heifer.org/site/c.edJRKQNiFiG/b.2877337/ External links FARRE homepage Integrated farming of fish, crop and livestock Design an construction of an intergated fish farm Integrated Farming System by George Chan wiki on integrated farming Songhai Centre in Benin IPM: In agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest control strategy that uses a variety of complementary strategies including: mechanical devices, physical devices, genetic, biological, cultural management, and chemical management. These methods are done in three stages: prevention, observation, and intervention. It is an ecological approach with a main goal of significantly reducing or eliminating the use of pesticides while at the same time managing pest populations at an acceptable level.[1] For their leadership in developing and spreading IPM worldwide, Dr. Perry Adkisson and Dr. Ray F. Smith received the 1997 World Food Prize. History of IPM Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became widely available, entomologists in California developed the concept of supervised insect control. Around the same time, entomologists in cotton-belt states such as Arkansas were advocating a similar approach. Under this scheme, insect control was supervised by qualified entomologists, and insecticide applications were based on conclusions reached from periodic monitoring of pest and natural-enemy populations. This was viewed as an alternative to calendar-based insecticide programs. Supervised control was based on a sound knowledge of the ecology and analysis of projected trends in pest and natural-enemy populations. Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for the integrated control that University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s. Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological controls for a given insect pest. Chemical insecticides were to be used in manner least disruptive to biological control. The term integrated was thus synonymous with compatible. Chemical controls were to be applied only after regular monitoring indicated that a pest population had reached a level (the economic threshold) that required treatment to prevent the population from reaching a level (the economic injury level) at which economic losses would exceed the cost of the artificial control measures. IPM extended the concept of integrated control to all classes of pests and was expanded to include tactics other than just chemical and biological controls. Artificial controls such as pesticides were to be applied as in integrated control, but these now had to be compatible with control tactics for all classes of pests. Other tactics, such as host-plant resistance and cultural manipulations, became part of the IPM arsenal. IPM added the multidisciplinary element, involving entomologists, plant pathologists, nematologists, and weed scientists. In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972 when President Nixon directed federal agencies to take steps to advance the concept and application of IPM in all relevant sectors. In 1979, President Carter established an interagency IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices. (references: The History of IPM, BioControl Reference Center. [1] How IPM works An IPM regime can be quite simple or sophisticated. Historically, the main focus of IPM programs was on agricultural insect pests.[2] Although originally developed for agricultural pest management, IPM programs are now developed to encompass diseases, weeds, and other pests that interfere with the management objectives of sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens. An IPM system is designed around six basic components: The US Environmental Protection Agency has a useful set of IPM principles. [2] 1. Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be more costly, environmentally unsafe, and frequently unachievable. IPM programs first work to establish acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed. These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be acceptable at one site to have a weed such as white clover, but at another site it may not be acceptable. This stops the pest gaining resistance to chemicals produced by the plant or applied to the crops. If many of the pests are killed then any that have resistance to the chemical will rapidly reproduce forming a resistant population. By not killing all the pests there are some un-resistant pests left that will dilute any resistant genes that appear. 2. Preventive cultural practices: Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions, and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of defense, together with plant quarantine and cultural techniques such as crop sanitation (e.g. removal of diseased plants to prevent spread of infection). 3. Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM. Observation is broken into two steps, first; inspection and second; identification.[3] Visual inspection, insect and spore traps, and other measurement methods and monitoring tools are used to monitor pest levels. Accurate pest identification is critical to a successful IPM program. Record-keeping is essential, as is a thorough knowledge of the behavior and reproductive cycles of target pests. Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent on the temperature of their environment. Many insects have had their development cycles modeled in terms of degree days. Monitor the degree days of an environment to determine when is the optimal time for a specific insects outbreak. 4. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding. 5. Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on promoting beneficial insects that eat target pests. Biological insecticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.: Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes), also fit in this category. 6. Chemical controls: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used as required and often only at specific times in a pests life cycle. Many of the newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.: nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues), and further biology-based or ecological techniques are under evaluation. IPM is applicable to all types of agriculture and sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens. Reliance on knowledge, experience, observation, and integration of multiple techniques makes IPM a perfect fit for organic farming (the synthetic chemical option is simply not considered). For large-scale, chemical-based farms, IPM can reduce human and environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals, and potentially lower overall costs of pesticide application material and labor. 1. Proper identification of pest What is it? Cases of mistaken identity may result in ineffective actions. If plant damage due to over-watering are mistaken for a fungal infection, a spray may be used needlessly and the plant still dies. 2. Learn pest and host life cycle and biology. At the time you see a pest, it may be too late to do much about it except maybe spray with a pesticide. Often, there is another stage of the life cycle that is susceptible to preventative actions. For example, weeds reproducing from last years seed can be prevented with mulches. Also, learning what a pest needs to survive allows you to remove these. 3. Monitor or sample environment for pest population How many are here? Preventative actions must be taken at the correct time if they are to be effective. For this reason, once you have correctly identified the pest, you begin monitoring BEFORE it becomes a problem. For example, in school cafeterias where roaches may be expected to appear, sticky traps are set out before school starts. Traps are checked at regular intervals so you can see them right away and do something before they get out of hand. Some of the things you might want to monitor about pest populations include: Is the pest present/absent? What is the distribution all over or only in certain spots? Is the pest population increasing or decreasing? 4. Establish action threshold (economic, health or aesthetic) How many are too many? In some cases, a certain number of pests can be tolerated. Soybeans are quite tolerant of defoliation, so if you have only a few caterpillars in the field and their population is not increasing dramatically, there is no need to do anything. Conversely, there is a point at which you MUST do something. For the farmer, that point is the one at which the cost of damage by the pest is MORE than the cost of control. This is an economic threshold. Tolerance of pests varies also by whether or not they are a health hazard (low tolerance) or merely a cosmetic damage (high tolerance in a non-commercial situation). Personal tolerances also vary many people dislike any insect; some people cannot tolerate dandelions in their yards. Different sites may also have varying requirements based on specific areas. White clover may be perfectly acceptable on the sides of a tee box on a golf course, but unacceptable in th e fairway where it could cause confusion in the field of play.[4] 5. Choose an appropriate combination of management tactics For any pest situation, there will be several options to consider. Options include, mechanical or physical control, cultural controls, biological controls and chemical controls. Mechanical or physical controls include picking pests off plants, or using netting or other material to exclude pests such as birds from grapes or rodents from structures. Cultural controls include keeping an area free of conducive conditions by removing or storing waste properly, removing diseased areas of plants properly. Biological controls can be support either through conservation of natural predators or augmentation of natural predators[5]. Augmentative control includes the introduction of naturally occurring predators at either an inundative or inoculative level[6]. An inundative release would be one that seeks to inundate a site with a pests predator to impact the pest population[7][8]. An inoculative release would be a smaller number of pest predators to supplement the natural population and provide ongoing control.[9] Chemical controls would include horticultural oils or the application of pesticides such as insecticides and herbicides. A Green Pest Management IPM program would use pesticides derived from plants, such as botanicals, or other naturally occurring materials. 6. Evaluate results How did it work? Evaluation is often one of the most important steps.[10] This is the process to review an IPM program and the results it generated. Asking the following questions is useful: Did your actions have the desired effect? Was the pest prevented or managed to your satisfaction? Was the method itself satisfactory? Were there any unintended side effects? What will you do in the future for this pest situation? Understanding the effectiveness of the IPM program allows the site manager to make modifications to the IPM plan prior to pests reaching the action threshold and requiring action again. Notes 1. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides and Food: What Integrated Pest Management Means. 2. ^ http://www.umass.edu/umext/ipm/publications/guidelines/index.html. 3. ^ Bennett, Et Al., Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th edition, page 10, Purdue University/Questex Press, 2005. 4. ^ Purdue University Turf Pest Management Correspondence Course, Introduction, 2006 5. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/ 6. ^ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/ecbtrich.htm 7. ^ http://pinellas.ifas.ufl.edu/green_pros/ipm_basics.shtml 8. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/Inundative_release.htm 9. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/Inoculative_release_.htm 10. ^ Bennett, Et Al., Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th edition, page 12, Purdue University/Questex Press, 2005. References * Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. Steve H. Dreistadt, Mary Louise Flint, et al., ANR Publications, University of California, Oakland, California, 1994. 328pp, paper, photos, reference tables, diagrams. * Bennett, Gary W., Ph.d., Owens, John M., Ph.d., Corrigan, Robert M, Ph.d. Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th Edition, pages 10, 11, 12, Purdue University, Questex, 2005. * Jahn, GC, PG Cox., E Rubia-Sanchez, and M Cohen 2001. The quest for connections: developing a research agenda for integrated pest and nutrient management. pp. 413-430, In S. Peng and B. Hardy [eds.] â€Å"Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation.† Proceeding the International Rice Research Conference, 31 March 3 April 2000, Los Baà ±os, Philippines. Los Baà ±os (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 692 p. * Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C Pol, N. Chhorn and V Preap 2001. Sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. In P. Cox and R Chhay [eds.] â€Å"The Impact of Agricultural Research for Development in Southeast Asia† Proceedings of an International Conference held at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 24-26 Oct. 2000, Phnom Penh (Cambodia): CARDI. * Jahn, GC, JA Litsinger, Y Chen and A Barrion. 2007. Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts. In Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management (eds. O. Koul and G.W. Cuperus). CAB International Pp. 315-366. * Kogan, M 1998. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT:Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments, Annual Review of Entomology Vol. 43: 243-270 (Volume publication date January 1998) (doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.243) * Nonveiller, Guido 1984. Catalogue commentà © et illustrà © des insectes du Cameroun dintà ©rà ªt agricole: (apparitions, rà ©partition, importance) / University of Belgrade/Institut pour la protection des plantes * US Environmental Protection Ag

Joseph NcNamara :: essays research papers

Joseph D. McNamara was chief of police for the city of San Jose, California for fifteen years, as well as Kansas City, Missouri. He is recognized as an expert in criminal justice, police technology and management systems, crime prevention, and international drug control policies. He was appointed a research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, in 1991.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McNamara was a pioneer in criticizing the way Police Departments and the government â€Å" fought the war on crime†. McNamara challenged what has long been the norm in society on how to best deal with drug use in the United States. He was also on the forefront of police corruption and abuses committed by Police Officers. Numerous articles, interviews, lectures were researched to best convey McNamara’s philosophy of police technology, innovativeness and management style (leadership). McNamara's career in law enforcement spans a thirty-five-year period. He began in Harlem as a beat patrolman for the New York City Police Department. He rose through the ranks and in midcareer was appointed a criminal justice fellow at Harvard Law School, focusing on criminal justice research methodology. Following this appointment he took a leave from police work and obtained a doctorate in public administration at Harvard. Returning to duty with the NYPD, he was appointed deputy inspector in charge of crime analysis for New York City. In 1973 McNamara became police chief of Kansas City, Missouri, leading that department into groundbreaking research and innovative programs. In 1976 McNamara was appointed police chief for the city of San Jose, where he remained until his retirement in 1991. During his tenure, San Jose (the third-largest city in California and the eleventh largest in the United States) became the safest city in the country, despite having the fewest police per capita. The San Jose police became a model for innovation, community relations, utilization of technology, and productivity.

Gene Therapy Essay -- Biology Science Genetics Technology Essays

Gene Therapy Imagine yourself being a parent of a young child suffering from a horrible disease in which you now know to be genetically inherited. This disease is caused from the genes that you and your partner passed on to your child. Now lets say, you can treat this disease or may even be able to cure your child of this disease by altering, modifying, or replacing the genes that cause this disease through a process called gene therapy. Would you do it? I think most of us would answer yes. The option of being able to help our child several years ago may not have seemed possible. Genetic research has made giant leaps over the past decade and now the idea of gene therapy is reality. Through gene therapy it is possible to treat and elevate genetic diseases and mutations. We now have the knowledge and the technology to treat ourselves , our children, and the future generations. In order to make an educated decision, one must be aware of gene therapy itself. When making such a decision of whether to use gene therapy or not it would be beneficial to understand the technical aspects of gene therapy. It is also important to understand how gene therapy treats an individual, what it can be used to treat, and the previous trials and successes of the use of gene therapy. Or a person may find it worthwhile to know how the public perceives gene therapy and the overall consensus on its usage. After obtaining all of this knowledge, the decision of whether or not to use gene therapy should be able to be made confidently. Gene Therapy and the Technical Aspects Gene therapy is a means of treating diseases based on modifying the expression of a person's genes towards the therapeutic goal. Gene therapy could be used in treating letha... ... and thus will make the difference in life and death of our loved ones and ourselves. References Biotech Applied. Gene Therapy- An Overview. Biotechnology Industry Organization, 1990. Obtained from the WWW 9/3/98: http://www.gene. com/AE/AB/IWT/Gene_Therapy_Overview.html Bruce, Donald M.. Moral and Ethical Issues in Gene Therapy. Society, Religion and Technology Project(Church of Scotland), 1996. Obtained from the WWW 9/18/98: http://webzone1.co.uk/w ww/srtproject/genthpy1.htm Grace, Eric S.. Better Health Through Gene Therapy. The Futurist Jan- Feb 1998, v32, n1, p39(4). Obtained through Pals. Rifkin, Jeremy. The Ultimate Therapy. Tikkun May-June 1998, v1, n3, p33(7) Obtained from WebPals on 10/6/98. Wilson, Jim. Institute for Human Gene Therapy. Last modified: 10/20/97.Obtained form the WWW 9/3/98:http://www.med.upenn.edu /ihgt/info/whatisgt.html

Accounting Standard in Bangladesh

A REPORT ON APPLICATION OF BANGLADESH ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN BUSINESS [pic] DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA REPORT ON APPLICATION OF BANGLADESH ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN BUSINESS FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING –I F-103 Submitted To Dr. H. M. Mosarof Hossain Associate Professor Department of Finance Faculty of Business Administration University of Dhaka Submitted By Members of Group-3 Section-B 14th Batch Department of Finance Names |Roll No | |Upoma Antara Husain |14-052 | |Zubairia Khan |14-050 | |Nazmul Ehsan Omiya |14-054 | |Monowar Hossain |14-008 | |Md. Rubel Ahmed |14-030 | DATE OF SUBMISSION 1 May 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: ? INTRODUCTION ? OBJECTIVES OF APPLYING BAS IN BUSINESS ? IAS ADDOPTED AS BAS ? SHORT DESCRIPTION OF BASs CHAPTER II: ? ABOUT PRIME BANK LIMITED ? BAS USED IN PBL ? APPLICATION OF BASs IN PBL ? IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING BAS IN PBL ? CONCLUSION CHAPTER III: ? ANNEXURE ? BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The rules and guidelines adopted and im plimented worldwide in accounting record keeping and statement preparation ror maintaining uniformity are known as International Accounting Standared (IAS). IAS were issued between 1973 and 2001 by the board of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). Bangladesh Accounting Standards (BAS) are adopted From IAS by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) for preferred accounting practices in all kinds of business in bangladesh. To standardize the accounting system with the level of IAS, the ICAB (Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh) has been adopting BAS since 1984. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh is a professional accountancy body in the Bangladesh. It is the sole organisation in the Bangladesh with the right to award the Chartered Accountant designation. The ICAB updated and adapted many important and the time demanding standards in several time BAS is a set of standards which controls the system of accounting in Bangladesh. In our country Companies listed with Dhaka & Chittagong Stock exchange are to prepare their accounts according to the Securities and Exchange Rules 1987 and the International Accounting Standards (IAS) as adopted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh known as Bangladesh Accounting Standards (BAS). At present the (TRC) Technical research Committee of ICAB screens and evaluates IFRSs and recommends particular IFRS to the council of the ICAB for adoption. Prime Bank Limited is one of the promising banks in our banking sector. It is listed with Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchange. The financial statements of the Bank are prepared under the historical cost convention except investments and in accordance with the Bank Companies Act, 1991, Bangladesh Bank Circulars, International Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards adopted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh as BAS, Companies act 1994, SEC Rules 1987 and other laws and rules applicable in Bangladesh. IAS ADOPTED AS BAS BAS are developed by the ICAB and are based on older IASs – generally those developed by the IASC rather than the improved IASs and new IFRSs developed by the IASB. The Technical and Research Committee of the ICAB develops the standards. Adoption requires approval of the ICAB Council. A list of IASs Adopted as BASs is shown below. IAS |Version of IAS |BAS Number |Remarks | | |Adopted in Bangladesh| | | |IAS 1: Presentation of Financial |1987 |BAS 1 |2003 revisions not yet considered | |Statements | | |by ICAB | |IAS 2 : Inventories |1992 |BAS 2 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 7 : Cash Flow Statements |1992 |BAS 7 |— | |IAS 8 :Accounting Policies, Changes in |1993 |BAS 8 |2003 revisions not yet considered | |Accounting Estimates, and Errors | | |by ICAB | |IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet |1999 |BAS 10 |— | |Date | | | | |IAS 11: Construction Contracts |1993 |BAS 11 |— | |IAS 12: Income Taxes |2000 |BAS 12 |— | |IAS 14: Segment Reporting |1997 |BAS 14 |— | |IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment |1997 |BAS 16 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB |IAS 17: Leases |1998 |BAS 17 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 18: Revenue |1993 |BAS 18 |— | |IAS 19; Employee Benefits |2002 |BAS 19 |2003 and later revisions not yet | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 20; Accounting for Government Grants |1983 |BAS 20 |— | |and Disclosure of Government Assistance | | | | |IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign |1993 |BAS 21 |2003 and later revisions not yet | |Exchange Rates | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 22: Business Combinations |1998 |BAS 22 |IAS 22 has been superseded by IFRS | | | | |3, which has not yet been | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 23: Borrowing Costs |1993 |BAS 23 |— | |IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures |1994 |BAS 24 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 25: Accounting for Investments |1987 |BAS 25 |IAS 25 has been superseded by IAS | | | | |39, which has not yet been | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by |1987 |BAS 26 |— | |Retirement Benefit Plans | | | | |IAS 27: Consolidated and Separate |1998 |BAS 27 |2003 revisions not yet considered | |Financial Statements | | |by ICAB | |IAS 28: Investments in Associates |1998 |BAS 28 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 29:Financial Reporting in |Not yet Adopted |— |— | |Hyperinflationary Economies | | | | |IAS 30 :Disclosures in the Financial |1990 |BAS 30 |IAS 30 has been superseded by IFRS | |Statements of Banks and Similar Financial | | |7 (effective 2007), which has not | |Institutions | | |yet been considered by ICAB | |IAS 31: Interests In Joint Ventures |1999 |BAS 31 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 32 :Financial Instruments: Disclosure |Not yet adopted |— |— | |and Presentation | | | | |IAS 33: Earnings Per Share |1999; |BAS 33 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting |1998 |BAS 34 |— | |IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations |1998 |BAS 35 |IAS 35 has been superseded by IFRS | | | | |5, which has not yet been | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 36: Impairment of Assets |1998 |BAS 36 |2004 re visions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities|1998 |BAS 37 |1998 | |and Contingent Assets | | | | |IAS 38: Intangible Assets |1998 |BAS 38 |2004 revisions not yet considered | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition|Not yet adopted |— |— | |and Measurement | | | | |IAS 40: Investment Property |2000 |BAS 40 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 41: Agriculture |Not yet adopted |— |— | SHORT DESCRIPTION ON BAS †¢ BAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements This Standard prescribes the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements to ensure comparability both with the entity’s financial statements of previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities. It sets out overall requirements for the presentation of financial statements, guidelines for their structure and minimum requirements for their content. A complete set of financial statements comprises: (a) a statement of financial position as at the end of the period; (b) a statement of comprehensive income for the period; (c) a statement of changes in equity for the period; (d) a statement of cash flows for the period; e) notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information; and (f) a statement of financial position as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements. †¢ BAS 2: Inventories The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. A primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost to be recognized as an asset and carried forward until the related revenues are recognized. This Standard provides guidance on the determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories. Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. †¢ BAS 7: Cash Flow Statements The objective of this Standard is to require the provision of information about the historical changes in cash and cash equivalents of an entity by means of a statement of cash flows which classifies cash flows during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. †¢ BAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, together with the accounting treatment and disclosure of changes in accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and corrections of errors. The Standard is intended to enhance the relevance and reliability of an entity’s financial statements and the comparability of those financial statements over time and with the financial statements of other entities. †¢ BAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date The objective of this Standard is to prescribe: a) When an entity should adjust its financial statements for events after the reporting period; and (b) The disclosures that an entity should give about the date when the financial statements were authorized for issue and about events after the reporting period. The Standard also requires that an entity should not prepare its financial statements on a going concern basis if events after the reporting period indicate that the going concern assumption is not appropriate. †¢ BAS 11: Construction Contracts The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment of revenue and costs associated with construction contracts. Because of the nature of the activity undertaken in construction contracts, the date at which the contract activity is entered into and the date when the activity is completed usually fall into different accounting periods. Therefore, the primary issue in accounting for construction contracts is the allocation of contract revenue and contract costs to the accounting periods in which construction work is performed. This Standard shall be applied in accounting for construction contracts in the financial statements of contractors. †¢ BAS 12: Income Taxes The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for income taxes. For the purposes of this Standard, income taxes include all domestic and foreign taxes which are based on taxable profits. Income taxes also include taxes, such as withholding taxes, which are payable by a subsidiary, associate or joint venture on distributions to the reporting entity. The principal issue in accounting for income taxes is how to account for the current and future tax consequences of: (a) the future recovery (settlement) of the carrying amount of assets (liabilities) that are recognized in an entity’s balance sheet; and (b) Transactions and other events of the current period that are recognized in an entity’s financial statements. †¢ BAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment so that users of the financial statements can discern information about an entity’s investment in its property, plant and equipment and the changes in such investment. The principal issues in accounting for property, plant and equipment are the recognition of the assets, the determination of their carrying amounts and the depreciation charges and impairment losses to be recognized in relation to them. †¢ BAS 17: Leases The objective of this Standard is to prescribe, for lessees and lessors, the appropriate accounting policies and disclosure to apply in relation to leases. The classification of leases adopted in this Standard is based on the extent to which risks and rewards incidental to ownership of a leased asset lie with the lessor or the lessee. A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. †¢ BAS 18: Revenue The primary issue in accounting for revenue is determining when to recognize revenue. Revenue is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be measured reliably. This Standard identifies the circumstances in which these criteria will be met and, therefore, revenue will be recognized. It also provides practical guidance on the application of these criteria. Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants. This Standard shall be applied in accounting for revenue arising from the following transactions and events: (a) the sale of goods; (b) the rendering of services; and c) the use by others of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and dividends. †¢ BAS 19: Employee Benefits Employee benefits are all forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange for service rendered by employees. The object ive of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting and disclosure for employee benefits. The Standard requires an entity to recognize: (a) a liability when an employee has provided service in exchange for employee benefits to be paid in the future; and (b) An expense when the entity consumes the economic benefit arising from service provided by an employee in exchange for employee benefits. †¢ BAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance This Standard shall be applied in accounting for, and in the disclosure of, government grants and in the disclosure of other forms of government assistance. Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to an entity in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the entity. They exclude those forms of government assistance which cannot reasonably have a value placed upon them and transactions with government which cannot be distinguished from the normal trading transactions of the entity. Government assistance is action by government designed to provide an economic benefit specific to an entity or range of entities qualifying under certain criteria. Government assistance for the purpose of this Standard does not include benefits provided only indirectly through action affecting general trading conditions, such as the provision of infrastructure in development areas or the imposition of trading constraints on competitors. †¢ BAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates An entity may carry on foreign activities in two ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign operations. In addition, an entity may present its financial statements in a foreign currency. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe how to include foreign currency transactions and foreign operations in the financial tatements of an entity and how to translate financial statements into a presentation currency. The principal issues are which exchange rate(s) to use and how to report the effects of changes in exchange rates in the financial statements. †¢ BAS 22: Business Combinations The objective of this standa rd is to prescribe the accounting treatment for business combinations (both acquisitions and, in exceptional instances in which the acquirer cannot be identified uniting of interests). It provides guidance on the classification of a business combination, which includes whether an acquirer can be identified, and whether shareholders of the combining entities share mutually in the risks and benefits of the combined entity. BAS 23: Borrowing Costs Borrowing Costs Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense †¢ BAS 24: Related Party Disclosures The objective of this Standard is to ensure that an entity’s financial statements contain the disclosures necessary to draw attention to the possibility that its financial position and profit or loss may have been affected by the existence of related parties and by transactions and outstanding balances with such parties. †¢ BAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans This Standard shall be applied in the financial statements of retirement benefit plans where such financial statements are prepared. Retirement benefit plans are arrangements whereby an entity provides benefits for employees on or after termination of service (either in the form of an annual income or as a lump sum) when such benefits, or the contributions towards them, can be determined or estimated in advance of retirement from the provisions of a document or from the entity's practices. The financial statements of a defined contribution plan shall contain a statement of net assets available for benefits and a description of the funding policy. †¢ BAS 27: Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements The objective of BAS 27 is to enhance the relevance, reliability and comparability of the information that a parent entity provides in its separate financial statements and in its consolidated financial statements for a group of entities under its control. The Standard specifies: (a) the circumstances in which an entity must consolidate the financial statements of another entity (being a subsidiary); (b) the accounting for changes in the level of ownership interest in a subsidiary; (c) the accounting for the loss of control of a subsidiary; and (d) the information that an entity must disclose to enable users of the financial statements to evaluate the nature of the relationship between the entity and its subsidiaries. †¢ BAS 28: Investments in Associates This Standard shall be applied in accounting for investments in associates. However, it does not apply to investments in associates held by: (a) venture capital organizations, or (b) Mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds. †¢ BAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions The objective of BAS30 is to prescribe appropriate presentation and disclosure standards for banks and similar financial institutions as a supplement of the requirements of other standards. It provides the Requirement for classification of items in the income statement and balance sheet by their nature, and for the balance sheet in order of relative liquidity. Identifies the income statement and balance sheet line items requiring disclosure. ? Additional disclosure requirements, including concentration of assets, liabilities and off-balance items, losses on loans and advances, and general banking risks. †¢ BAS 31: Interests in Joint Venture: This Standard shall be applied in accounting for interests in joint ventures and the reporting of joint venture assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the financial statements of ventures and investors, regardless of the structures or forms under which the joint venture activities take place. However, it does not apply to ventures’ interests in jointly controlled entities held by: 1. (a) venture capital organizations, or 2. b) Mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds. †¢ BAS 33: Earnings Per Share The objective of this Standard is to prescribe principles for the determination and presentation of earnings per share, so as to improve performance comparisons between different entities in the same reporting period and between different reporting periods for the same entity. The focus of this Standard is on the denominator of the earnings per share calculation. This Standard shall be applied by entities whose ordinary shares or potential ordinary shares are publicl y traded and by entities that are in the process of issuing ordinary shares or potential ordinary shares in public markets. An entity that discloses earnings per share shall calculate and disclose earnings per share in accordance with this Standard. †¢ Bas 34: Interim Financial Reporting The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the minimum content of an interim financial report and to prescribe the principles for recognition and measurement in complete or condensed financial statements for an interim period. Timely and reliable interim financial reporting improves the ability of investors, creditors, and others to understand an entity’s capacity to generate earnings and cash flows and its financial condition and liquidity. This Standard applies if an entity is required or elects to publish an interim financial report in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Interim financial report means a financial report containing either a complete set of financial statements (as described in IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007)) or a set of condensed financial statements (as described in this Standard) for an interim period. Interim period is a financial reporting period shorter than a full financial year. †¢ BAS 35: Discontinuing Operations The objective of this standard is to enhance the ability to make financial projections by segregating information about discontinuing operations from information about continuing operations. BAS 35 does not establish any recognition or measurement principles in relation to discontinuing operations-these are dealt with under other BAS. In particular, BAS 35 provides guidance on how to apply BAS 36, Impairment of Assets, and BAS 37, Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, to discontinuing operations. †¢ BAS 36: Impairment of Assets The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the procedures that an entity applies to ensure that its assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount. An asset is carried at more than its recoverable amount if its carrying amount exceeds the amount to be recovered through use or sale of the asset. If this is the case, the asset is described as impaired and the Standard requires the entity to recognize an impairment loss. The Standard also specifies when an entity should reverse an impairment loss and prescribes disclosures. †¢ BAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets The objective of this Standard is to ensure that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement bases are applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and that sufficient information is disclosed in the notes to enable users to understand their nature, timing and amount. IAS 37 prescribes the accounting and disclosure for all provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets, except: (a) Those resulting from executory contracts, except where the contract is onerous. Executory contracts are contracts under which neither party has performed any of its obligations or both parties have partially performed their obligations to an equal extent; (b) Those covered by another Standard. †¢ BAS 38: Intangible Assets The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for intangible assets that are not dealt with specifically in another Standard. This Standard requires an entity to recognize an intangible asset if, and only if, specified criteria are met. The Standard also specifies how to measure the carrying amount of intangible assets and requires specified disclosures about intangible assets. An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. †¢ BAS 40: Investment Property The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for investment property and related disclosure requirements. Investment property is property (land or a building—or part of a building—or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for: (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or (b) Sale in the ordinary course of business. OBECTIVES OF USING BAS IN BUSINESS †¢ Standardized Accountings : The objective of applying BAS in business is to standardize the accounting issues and preparation of financial statements. †¢ International Recognition: To keep consistency with International Business the use of International Accounting Standards adopted as BAS is important. It helps the businesses to gain international recognition. †¢ Maintaining Uniformity: Accounting standards are maintained in order to ensure uniformity in recording accounts and preparing financial statements within the businesses both in country and abroad. †¢ Ensuring Transparency: An important objective of applying BAS is to ensure proper disclosure of necessary information in the financial statements. It provides transparency in the statements. †¢ Providing Reliability: The application of BAS provides reliability and consistency in the accounting record keeping and financial statements to the outside parties. CHAPTER II [pic] ABOUT PRIME BANK LIMITED The Prime Bank Limited (â€Å"the Bank†) was incorporated as the public limited company in Bangladesh under companies Act, 1994. It commenced its banking business with one branch from April17, 1995 under the license issued bi Bangladesh Bank. Presently the Bank has 61 branches all over Bangladesh and a booth located at Dhaka Club, Dhaka. The Bank had no overseas branches as at 31 December 2007. The Bank went for Initial Public Offerings in 1999 and its share is listed with Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited and Chittagong Stock Exchange Limited as a publicly traded company for its general class of shares. VISION The vision of the Bank is to be the best Private Commercial Bank in Bangladesh in terms of efficiency, capital adequacy, asset quality, sound management and profitability having strong liquidity. MISSION The mission of the Bank is to build Prime Bank Limited into an efficient, market driven, customer focused institution with good corporate governance structure. Continuous improvement in the business policies, procedure and efficiency through integration of technology at all levels. STRATEGIC PRIORITY The strategic priority of the Bank is to have sustained growth, broaden and improved range of products and services in all areas of banking activities with the aim to add increased value to share holders’ investments and offer highest possible benefits to the customers. CORE VALUE †¢ For customers It refers to become most caring Bank by providing the most courteous and efficient services in every area of our business. For employees It promotes well-being of the employees. †¢ For shareholders It ensures fare return on the investments of the shareholders through generating stable profit. †¢ For the community As a socially responsible corporate entity the Bank maintain s close adherence to national policies and objectives. [pic]BAS FOLLOWED IN PRIME BANK The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) is the sole authority for adoption of International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). While preparing the financial statements, Prime Bank allied most of IAS and IFRS as adopted by ICAB. Details are given below: Name of the BAS | BAS no | Status | |Presentation of Financial Statements | 1 | Applied | |Stationeries | 2 | Applied | |Cash Flow Statements | 7 | Applied | |Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors | 8 | Applied | |Events after the Balance Sheet Date | 10 | Applied | |Construction Contracts | 11 | N/A | |Income Taxes | 12 | Applied | |Segment Reporting | 14 | Applied | |Property, Plant and Equipment | 16 | Applied | |Leases | 17 | Applied | |Revenue | 18 | Applied | |Employee Benefits | 19 | Applied | |Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance | 20 | N/A | |The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates | 21 | Applied | |Borrowing Costs | 23 | Applied | |Related Party Disclosures | 24 | Applied | |Accounting for Investments | 25 | Applied | |Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans | 26 | Applied | |Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements | 27 | Applied | |Investments in Associates | 28 | N/A | |Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and similar Financial Institutions | 30 | Applied | |Interests in Joint Ventures | 31 | N/A | |Earnings per share | 33 | Applied | |Interim Financial Reporting | 34 | Applied | |Impairment of Assets | 36 | Applied | |Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets | 7 | Ap plied | |Intangible Assets | 38 | N/A | |Investment Property | 40 | Applied | |Agriculture | 41 | N/A | | Name of the BFRS | BAS no | Status | |Share Based Payment | 2 | N/A | |Business Combinations | 3 | N/A | |Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations | 5 | N/A | |Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources | 6 | N/A | *N/A=not applicable [pic] APPLICATION OF BAS IN PRIME BANK LIMITED For the convenience of discussion we are showing the effect of some important BASs in record keeping and accounting of Prime Bank Limited. †¢ BAS No. 1: Preparation of Financial Statements: The financial statements of the bank are prepared in accordance with BAS-1 to give a fair view of the state of the Bank’s affairs and of the results of the operations and cash flows. The financial reports for the year ended in 31 December 2007 are given as annexure for viewing. †¢ BAS No. 7: Cash Flow Statement Cash flow statement has been prepared in accordance with the BAS-7 â€Å"Cash Flow Statement† under direct method as recommended in BRPD Circular No. 14, dated June 25 2003 issued by the Banking Regulation and Policy Department of Bangladesh Bank. †¢ BAS No. 12: Income Taxes Provision for current income tax has been made @ 45% as prescribed in the Finance Act, 2007 on the accounting profit made by the Bank after considering some of the add backs to the income and disallowances as expenditure as per income tax laws in compliance with BAS-12 â€Å"Income Taxes†. †¢ BAS No. 16: Property, Plant and Equipment All fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation as per BAS-16 â€Å"Property, Plant and Equipment†. The cost of acquisition of an asset comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use inclusive of inward freight, duties and non-refundable taxes. †¢ BAS No. 17: Leases Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the ‘terms of the lease’ transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee as per BAS-17 â€Å"Leases†. ? The Bank as lessor Amount due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the amount of the Bank’s net investment in the leases. The Bank as lessee Assets held under finance lease s are recognized as assets of the Bank at the date of acquisition or if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. †¢ BAS No. 18: Revenue ? Interest income In terms of the provisions of the BAS-18 â€Å"Revenue†, the interest income is recognized on accrual basis. ? Investment income Interest income on investments is recognized on accrual basis. ? Fees and commission income Fees and commission income arises on services provided by the Bank are recognized on a cash receipt basis. ? Dividend income on share Dividend income on share is recognized during the period in which declared and ascertained. Interest paid and other expenses in Conventional Banking In terms of the provision of the BAS-1 â€Å"Presentation of Financial Statements† interest and other expenses are recognized on accrual basis. ? Profit paid on deposits in Islamic Banking Profit paid to mudaraba depositors is recognized on accrual basis as per provisional rate. †¢ BAS No. 19: Employee benefits The retirement benefits accrued for the employees of the Bank as on reporting date have been accounted for in accordance with the provisions of BAS-19, â€Å"Employee Benefit†. Bases of enumerating the retirement benefit schemes operated by the Bank are outlined below: ? Provident fund Provident fund benefits are given to the permanent employees f the Bank in accordance with Bank’s service rules. All confirmed employees of the Bank are contributing 10% of their basic salary as subscription to the fund. The Bank also contributes equal amount of the employees’ contribution. ? Gratuity fund Actuarial valuation of gratuity scheme had been made to assess the adequacy of the liabilities provide for the scheme as per BAS-19, â€Å"Employee Benefits†. ? Welfare fund Prime Bank’s employees’ welfare fund is subscribed by monthly contribution of the employees. The Bank also contributes to the Fund from time to time. Disbursement from the fund is done as per rules for employees’ welfare fund. ? Incentive bonus Prime Bank started an incentive bonus scheme for its employees. 10% of net profit after tax is given to the employees in every year as incentive bonus. This bonus amount is being distributed among the employees based on their performance. †¢ BAS No. 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Foreign currency transactions are converted into equivalent Taka using the ruling exchange rates on the dates of respective transactions as per BAS-21, â€Å"The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates†. Foreign currency balances held in US Dollar are converted into Taka at weighted average rate of inter-bank market as determined by Bangladesh Bank on the closing date of every month. Balances held in foreign currencies other than US Dollar are converted into equivalent US Dollar at buying rates of New York closing of the priviou7s day and converted into Taka equivalent. †¢ BAS No. 33: Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share have been calculated in accordance with BAS-33, â€Å"Earnings per Share† which has been shown on the face of the profit and loss account. This has been calculated by dividing the basic earnings by the weighted average number of ordinary shares are standing during the year. The bonus shares issued during the year 2007 were treated as if they had been in issue in previous year also (declared for 2006 result). Hence, in computing the basic earning per share of 2006, the total number of shares including the said bonus shares has been considered as weighted average no. f shares outstanding during the year 2006 as per BAS-33, â€Å"Earning per Share†. †¢ BAS No. 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Asset s A provision is recognized in the balance sheet when the Bank has a legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefit will be required to settle the obligations, in accordance with the BAS 37, â€Å"Provisions contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets†. [pic] IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING BAS IN PBL †¢ Abiding By The Rules: Adopted BASs are enforceable for listed companies by SEC rules. So proper application of BAS in PBL is maintained to abide by the regulations of the nation. Guideline For Accounting Issues: BAS provides guidelines on different accounting issues to contribute to a common strategy and framework of reference for accountancy development and ensures transparent financial reporting, in accordance with sound corporate governance. †¢ Presenting Relevant & Reliable Information: Applying BAS in the record keepings and preparation of financial statements makes the accounting information relevant and reliable to all involved parties. †¢ Assistance in International Business: Application of BAS is important for keeping up to the International Standards which is important for International business. †¢ Co-operation Between Different Parties: The use of BAS helps promote co-operation between governments, the accountancy and other professions, the international financial institutions, regulators, standard setters, capital providers and issuers. CONCLUSION In the world of globalization it is essential for businesses around the world to standardize the accounting record keepings and preparation of financial statements. The government of Bangladesh has made the International Accounting Standards adopted by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh as Bangladesh Accounting Standards enforceable for all listed companies in order to ensure transparency and standard in accounting issues. Like other listed companies of our country Prime Bank Limited record their accounts and prepare their financial statements in compliance with these standards. The effects of these standards provide guidance and reliability in the accounting information. CHAPTER III ANNEXURE [pic] Balance Sheet As at 31 December 2007 2007 2006 PROPERTY AND ASSETS Taka Taka Cash In hand (including foreign currencies) 663,028,189 452,560,474 Balance with Bangladesh Bank and its agent bank(s) (including foreign currencies) 4,755,788,872 3,662,426,602 5,418,817,061 4,114,987,076 Balance with other banks and financial institutions In Bangladesh 1,625,581,391 627,964,960 Outside Bangladesh 791,887,088 485,749,435 2,417,468,479 1,113,714,395 Money at call and short notice – 1,490,000,000 Investments Government 12,090,285,095 7,673,700,299 Others 607,735,533 170,682,648 12,698,020,628 7,844,382,947 Loans and advances/investments Loans, cash credits, overdrafts, etc 53,814,967,656 41,307,504,065 Bills purchased and discounted ,868,053,856 3,702,713,983 57,683,021,512 45,010,218,048 Fixed assets including premises, furniture 660,490,066 412,107,309 Other assets 710,613,052 914,107,309 Non-banking assets – – Total assets 79,588,430,798 60,899,475,793 2007 2006 LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL Taka Taka Liabilities Borrowing from other banks, financial institutions 390,869,490 345,944,757 Deposits and other accounts Current/ al-wadeeah current deposits 10,590,463,357 8,261,264,165 Bills payable 1,144,540,968 528,231,748 Savings bank 6,027,260,878 4,125,622,204 Term deposits 52,750,109,722 41,808,962,467 Bearer certificate of deposit – – Other deposits – – 70,512,374,925 54,724,080,584 Other liabilities 3,411,909,021 1,969,561,728 Total liabilities 74,315,153,436 57,039,587,069 Capital/ Shareholders’ equity Paid-up capital 2,275,000,000 1,750,000,000 Statutory reserve 1,873,543,597 1,404,170,652 Revaluation gain 2,723,913 – Other reserve – – Retained earnings 1,112,009,852 705,718,072 Total Shareholders’ equity 5,273,277,362 3,859,888,724 Total liabilities and Shareholders’ equity 79,588,430,798 60,899,475,793 Balance Sheet as at 31 December 2007 [pic] 2007 2006 Taka Taka OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS Contingent liabilities Acceptances and endorsements – – Letters of guarantee 10,480,381,241 9,476,314,713 Irrevocable letters of credit 21,193,628,862 17,392,748,116 Bills for collection 1,414,716,406 1,060,486,687 Other contingent liabilities – – 33,088,726,509 27,929,549,516 Other commitments Documentary credits – – Forward assets purchased – – Undrawn ote issuance – – Undrawn formal standby facilities – – Liabilities against forward purchase and sale – – Others – – 33,088,726,509 27,929,549,516 Other memorandum items Value of travellers’cheques in hand 141,383,952 14,284,764 Value of Bangladesh Patras in hand 1,348,897,500 346,193,975 1,490,281,452 360,478,739 Total 34,579,007,961 28,290,028,255 Profit and Loss Account For the year ended 31 December 2007 [pic] 2007 2006 Taka Taka Interest income 7,170,099,616 5,198,790,368 Interest paid on deposits (5,226,592,564) (3,698,441,036) Net interest 1,903,507,052 1,500,349,332 Investment income 1,294,205,056 419,496,059 Commission, exchange 1,198,942,404 998,117,247 Other operating income 419,555,862 314,073,525 Total operating income (A) 4,816,210,375 3,232,036,163 Salaries and allowances 725,285,435 561,930,122 Rent, taxes and insurances 159,529,399 113,987,335 Legal expenses 24,728,362 4,951,307 Postage, stamp 60,999,650 47,690,052 Stationery 121,691,050 63,382,686 Managing Directors’ salary 9,131,448 6,400,000 Directors’ fees 2,224,444 2,734,300 Auditors’ fees 791,725 570,990 Charges on loan losses – – Depreciation and repair of Bank’s assets 102,185,026 71,657,509 Other expenses 352,779,110 227,768,616 Total operating expenses (B) 1,559,345,650 1,101,072,827 Profit/ (Loss) before provision(c=A-B) 3,256,864,725 2,130,963,336 Provision for loans/investments Specific provision (350,000,000) (210,000,000 General provision (350,000,000) (180,000,000) Provision for off-balance sheet items (210,000,000) – (910,000,000) (390,000,000) Provision for diminution – – Other provision – – Total provision (D) (910,000,000) (390,000,000) Total profit / (loss) before taxes(C-D) 2,346,864,725 1,740,963,336 Provision for taxation Current tax (1,015,000,000) (592,362,815) Deferred tax 68,800,000 96,709,995 Net profit after taxation 1,400,664,725 1,051,890,526 Retained earnings (previous) 180,718,073 2,020,213 1,581,382,073 1,053,910,739 Appropriations Statutory reserve 469,372,945 348,192,667 General reserve – – 469,372,945 348,192,667 Retained surplus 1,112,009,852 705,718,072 Earnings per share (EPS) 61. 57 46. 24 Cash Flow Statement For the year ended 31 December 2007 [pic] 2007 2006 Taka Taka A) Cash flows from operating activities Interest receipts in cash 7,076,601,586 5,616,509,362 Interest payments (5,266,592,564) (3,698,441,036) Dividends receipts 7,976,958 1,777,066 Fees and commission receipts in cash 1,198,942,404 998,117,247 Recoveries of loans 415,867 – Cash payments to employees (729,416,883) (596,830,122) Cash payments to suppliers (286,567,522) (175,315,699) Income taxes paid (476,148,788) (590,139,079) Receipts from other operating activities 419,555,862 314,067,381 Payments for other operating activities (470,041,003) (296,680,802) Cash generated from operating activities 1,474,725,917 1,573,064,318 Increase/ (decrease) in operating assets and liabilities Statutory deposits – – Purchase of trading securities (1,197,259,262) (1,161,365,969) Loans and advances to other banks – – Loans and advances to customers (12,672,803,463) (13,094,105,540) Other assets (3,796,358,897) 2,494,489,750) Deposits from other banks /borrowings 62,890,500 (490,439,000) Deposits from customers 15,171,985,121 18,833,626,261 Others liabilities accounts of customers 616,309,220 (140,262,287) Trading liabilities – – Other liabilities 1,437,147,293 (177,440,778) (378,089,488) 1,275,522,937 Net cash from operating activities 1,096,636,429 2,848,587,255 B) Cash flows from operating activities Debentures 4,932,282 5,000,000 Proceeds from sale of securities – – Payments for purchase of securities (430,320,723) (58,856,689) Purchase of property (333,719,898) (98,473,598) Payment against lease obligation (2,785,500) (1,995,468) Proceeds from sale of property 277,045 325,900 Net cash used in investing activities (761,616,794) (153,999,855) C) Cash flows from financing activities Dividend paid – – Net cash from financing activities – – D) Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 335,019,635 2,694,587,400 E) Effects of exchange rate – – F) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year 7,468,239,215 4,773,651,851 G) Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 7,803,258,850 7,468,239,215 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year Cash in hand 663,028,189 452,560,474 Balance with Bangladesh Bank 4,755,788,872 3,662,426,602 Balance with other banks 2,382,784,489 1,061,064,639 Money at call and short notice – 1,490,000,000 Reverse repo – 800,000,000 Prize bonds 1,657,300 2,187,500 7,803,258,850 7,468,293,215 Statement of Changes in Equity Particulars |Paid up capital |Statutory reserve |Revaluation |Retained earnings |Total | | |(Taka) |(Taka) |gain/loss |(Taka) |(Taka) | | | | |(Taka) | | | |Balance as at 1 January 2007 |1,750,000,000 |1,404,170,652 | – |705,718,072 |3,859,888,724 | | | | | | | | |Changes in accounting policy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |- |- |- |- | |Restated Balance |1,750,000,000 |1,404,170,652 | – |705,718,072 |3,859,888,724 | | | | | | | | |Surplus on revaluation of |- |- |- |- |- | |properties | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Surplus of investments |- |- |12,723, |- |12,723,913 | | | | |913 | | | |Currency translation differences | | | | | | | |- |- |- |- |- | |Net gains and | | | | | | |losses(Unrecognized) |- |- |12,723, |- |- | | | | |913 | | | |Net profit for the year | | | | | | | |- |- | |1,400,664, |1,400,664,725 | |Dividends | | |- |725 | | | | | | | | | |Issue of share capital |525,000,000 – | |(525,000, |- | | | | |- |000) | | |Appropriation | | | | | | | |- |- | |- |- | | | | |- | | | | |- |469,372,945 | |(469,372, |- | | | | |- |945) | | |Balance as at 31 December 2007 | | | | | | | |2,275,000,000 |1,873,543,597 |12,723,